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International Communication Gazette
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Becoming Pan-European?

Transnational Media and the European Public Sphere

Michael Brüggemann

School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Jacobs University, Research IV, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany, michael{at}bruegge.net

Hagen Schulz-Forberg

Aarhus University, Department of History and Area Studies, Bartholins Allé 16, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, hishsf{at}hum.au.dk

/ Research about the European public sphere has so far mainly focused on the analysis of national media, neglecting a dimension of transnational communication, namely transnational media. These media could serve as horizontal links between the still nationally segmented public spheres and they could be platforms of a transnational European discourse. Four ideal-types of transnational media can be distinguished: (1) national media with a transnational mission , (2) international media, (3) pan-regional media and (4) global media. Within this framework the article analyses transnational media in Europe, showing that a multitude of transnational media have developed in Europe. They have acquired a small but growing and influential audience. Whether transnational media fulfil the normative demands related to the concept of a transnational public sphere remains an open question as some of these media heavily depend on government subsidies and there is a clear lack of research on the European discourses represented in these media.

Key Words: EU • European media • European integration • international communication • public sphere • transnational communication • transnational media

International Communication Gazette, Vol. 71, No. 8, 693-712 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1748048509345064
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