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International Communication Gazette
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Basque Nationalism and the Spiral of Silence

An Analysis of Public Perceptions of ETA in Spain and France

Anthony T. Spencer

Department of Communication, University of Oklahoma, 610 Elm Avenue Room 110, Norman, OK 73019, USA, aspencer{at}ou.edu

Stephen M. Croucher

School of Communication Studies, Bowling Green State University, 302 West Hall, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA, scrouch{at}bgsu.edu

/ This study represents a test of the spiral of silence theory across national boundaries regarding the Basque separatist group, ETA. Approximately 200 participants were surveyed for this study in France and Spain. The study found a stronger spiral of silence effect the closer participants were to the Basque homeland both geographically and culturally. This test of the spiral of silence is consistent with previous research in finding a need for cross-cultural applications of the theory.

Key Words: Basque separatists • ETA • France • looking-glass effect • Spain • spiral of silence

International Communication Gazette, Vol. 70, No. 2, 137-153 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/1748048507086909
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